Characteristics of the immune environment in prostate cancer as an adjunct to immunotherapy

Abstract Background and Aims The tumor microenvironment (TME) exerts an important role in carcinogenesis and progression. Several investigations have suggested that immune cell infiltration (ICI) is of high prognostic importance for tumor progression and patient survival in many tumors, particularly prostate cancer. The pattern of immune infiltration of PCa, on the other hand, has not been thoroughly understood. Methods The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) datasets on PCa were obtained, and several datasets were merged into one data set using the “ComBat” algorithm. The ICI profiles of PCa patients were then to be uncovered by two computer techniques. The unsupervised clustering method was utilized to identify three ICI patterns in tumor samples, and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was conducted to estimate the ICI score. Results Three different clusters of three ICIs were identified in 1341 PCa samples, which also correlated with different clinical features/characteristics and biological pathways. Patients with PCa are classified into high and low subtypes based on the ICI scores extracted from immune‐associated signature genes. High ICI score subtypes are associated with a worse prognosis, which may intrigue the activation of cancer‐related and immune‐related pathways such as pathways involving Toll‐like receptors, T‐cell receptors, JAK‐STAT, and natural killer cells. The ICI score was linked to tumor mutation load and immune/cancer‐relevant signaling pathways, which explain prostate cancer's poor prognosis. Conclusion The findings of this study not only advanced our knowledge of the mechanism of immune response in the prostate tumor microenvironment but also provided a novel biomarker, that is, the ICI score, for disease prognosis and guiding precision immunotherapy.