Back to Search
Start Over
Membrane-permeabilized sonodynamic therapy enhances drug delivery into macrophages.
- Source :
- PLoS ONE, Vol 14, Iss 6, p e0217511 (2019)
- Publication Year :
- 2019
- Publisher :
- Public Library of Science (PLoS), 2019.
-
Abstract
- Macrophages play a pivotal role in the formation and development of atherosclerosis as a predominant inflammatory cell type present within atherosclerotic plaque. Promoting anti-atherosclerotic drug delivery into macrophages may provide a therapeutic potential on atherosclerotic plaque. In this study, we investigated whether membrane-permeabilized sonodynamic therapy (MP-SDT) enhances drug delivery into THP-1 macrophages. Images of confocal microscopy confirmed that the optimal plasma distribution of the sonosensitizer protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) was at 1 hour incubation. The non-lethal parameter of MP-SDT was determined by cell viability as measured by a CCK-8 assay. Bright field microscopy demonstrated plasma membrane deformation in response to MP-SDT. Using SYTOX Green, a model drug for cellular uptake, we found that MP-SDT significantly induced membrane permeabilization dependent on ultrasound intensity and exposure time. Using Fluo-3 AM, intracellular calcium elevation during MP-SDT was confirmed as a result of membrane permeabilization. Membrane perforation of MP-SDT-treated cells was observed by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Moreover, MP-SDT-induced membrane permeabilization and perforation were remarkably prevented by scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) during MP-SDT. Furthermore, we assessed the therapeutic effect of MP-SDT in combination with anti-atherosclerotic drug atorvastatin. Our results showed that MP-SDT increased the therapeutic effect of atorvastatin on lipid-laden THP-1-derived foam cells, including decreasing lipid droplets, increasing the cholesterol efflux and the expression of PPARĪ³ and ABCG1. In conclusion, MP-SDT might become a promising approach to facilitating the delivery of anti-atherosclerotic drugs into macrophages via membrane permeabilization.
Details
- Language :
- English
- ISSN :
- 19326203
- Volume :
- 14
- Issue :
- 6
- Database :
- Directory of Open Access Journals
- Journal :
- PLoS ONE
- Publication Type :
- Academic Journal
- Accession number :
- edsdoj.57b69897bd7348aaa3adfebe6516be87
- Document Type :
- article
- Full Text :
- https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0217511