Engineering high‐affinity dual targeting cellular nanovesicles for optimised cancer immunotherapy

Abstract Dual targeting to immune checkpoints has achieved a better therapeutic efficacy than single targeting due to synergistic extrication of tumour immunity. However, most dual targeting strategies are usually antibody dependent which facing drawbacks of antibodies, such as poor solid tumour penetration and unsatisfied affinity. To meet the challenges, we engineered a cell membrane displaying a fusion protein composed of SIRPα and PD‐1 variants, the high‐affinity consensus (HAC) of wild‐type molecules, and with which prepared nanovesicles (NVs). Through disabling both SIRPα/CD47 and PD‐1/PD‐L1 signalling, HAC NVs significantly preserved the phagocytosis and antitumour effect of macrophages and T cells, respectively. In vivo study revealed that HAC NVs had better tumour penetration than monoclonal antibodies and higher binding affinity to CD47 and PD‐L1 on tumour cells compared with the NVs expressing wild‐type fusion protein. Exhilaratingly, dual‐blockade of CD47 and PD‐L1 with HAC NVs exhibited excellent therapeutic efficacy and biosafety. This study provided a novel biomaterial against tumoural immune escape and more importantly an attractive biomimetic technology of protein delivery for multi‐targeting therapies.