Expert systems in oil palm precision agriculture: A decade systematic review

Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) is of the most profitable and widespread commercial high tree crops in the tropical world, typically in Southeastern Asia. The present study aims to provide a brief but broad overview of different applications of expert systems (ESs) in oil palm precision agriculture (PA), focusing on the three main generic categories: crop, water, and soil management. This study is meant to review research articles from the past decade: 2011–2020. Based on the search strategy alongside the inclusion criteria, 108 articles were included for synthesis activity. The findings of the study reveal patterns, networks, relationships, and trends in the application of ESs in oil palm PA in the past decade. The broad insight obtained from the synthesis activity was used to identify the possible roads ahead in oil palm PA. The findings of this study could be useful and beneficial to the research community and stakeholders in identifying the progress and trends of ESs in oil palm PA in the past decade, help to gain a holistic view on research gaps, potential markets, relevant advantages, the roads ahead, and contributing to further systematic research (deepen or broaden) in this topic.