Mechanism and Control of Pseudomonas Biofilm Formation: Based on the Relationship between Quorum Sensing and the Second Messenger

As the dominant spoilage bacterium in meat, Pseudomonas poses a significant threat to meat quality and safety. The biofilm of Pseudomonas not only enhances stress resistance but also provides bio-protection, thereby making the decontamination of Pseudomonas more challenging. In recent years, many studies have been conducted on the mechanism of Pseudomonas biofilm formation, with particular emphasis on the regulatory effect of quorum sensing (QS) and cyclic di-guanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP) on the mechanism of Pseudomonas biofilm formation. There may be a complex interaction between QS and c-di-GMP. In addition, compared with traditional biofilm inhibition strategies, the development of new inhibition strategies based on the QS system, c-di-GMP and their relationship, which can be more targeted, has more practical significance. Therefore, this article describes the synthesis process of the QS system and c-di-GMP signal molecules and reviews the mechanism of Pseudomonas biofilm formation from the perspectives of the QS system, c-di-GMP and their relationship. Besides, it summarizes the inhibition strategies targeting the QS system and c-di-GMP. This review aims to provide a theoretical foundation for effectively controlling Pseudomonas biofilm in the food industry.