Investigating the Role of Hub Calcification Proteins in Atherosclerosis via Integrated Transcriptomics and Network-Based Approach

Atherosclerosis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory condition of the arteries, characterized by plaque formation that can restrict blood flow and lead to potentially fatal cardiovascular events. Given that AS is responsible for a quarter of global deaths, this study aimed to develop a systematic bioinformatics approach to identify biomarkers and regulatory targets involved in plaque development, with the goal of reducing cardiovascular disease risk. AS-specific mRNA expression profiles were retrieved from a publicly accessible database, followed by differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identification and AS-specific weighted gene co-expression network (WGCN) construction. Thereafter, calcification and atherosclerosis-specific (CASS) DEGs were utilized for protein–protein interaction network (PPIN) formation, followed by gene ontology (GO) term and pathway enrichment analyses. Lastly, AS-specific 3-node miRNA feed-forward loop (FFL) construction and analysis was performed. Microarray datasets GSE43292 and GSE28829 were obtained from gene expression omnibus (GEO). A total of 3785 and 6176 DEGs were obtained in case of GSE28829 and GSE43292; 3256 and 5962 module DEGs corresponding to GSE28829 and GSE43292 were obtained from WGCN. From a total of 54 vascular calcification (VC) genes, 20 and 29 CASS-DEGs corresponding to GSE28829 and GSE43292 were overlapped. As observed from FFL centrality measures, the highest-order subnetwork motif comprised one TF (SOX7), one miRNA (miR-484), and one mRNA (SPARC) in the case of GSE28829. Also, in the case of GSE43292, the highest-order subnetwork motif comprised one TF (ESR2), one miRNA (miR-214-3p), and one mRNA (MEF2C). These findings have important implications for developing new therapeutic strategies for AS. The identified TFs and miRNAs may serve as potential therapeutic targets for treating atherosclerotic plaques, offering insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis and highlighting new avenues for research and treatment.