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Clinical Cytogenetics of the Dog: A Review

Authors :
Izabela Szczerbal
Marek Switonski
Source :
Animals, Vol 11, Iss 4, p 947 (2021)
Publication Year :
2021
Publisher :
MDPI AG, 2021.

Abstract

The dog is an important companion animal and has been recognized as a model in biomedical research. Its karyotype is characterized by a high chromosome number (2n = 78) and by the presence of one-arm autosomes, which are mostly small in size. This makes the dog a difficult subject for cytogenetic studies. However, there are some chromosome abnormalities that can be easily identified, such as sex chromosome aneuploidies, XX/XY leukocyte chimerism, and centric fusions (Robertsonian translocations). Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with the use of whole-chromosome painting or locus-specific probes has improved our ability to identify and characterize chromosomal abnormalities, including reciprocal translocations. The evaluation of sex chromosome complement is an important diagnostic step in dogs with disorders of sex development (DSD). In such cases, FISH can detect the copy number variants (CNVs) associated with the DSD phenotype. Since cancers are frequently diagnosed in dogs, cytogenetic evaluation of tumors has also been undertaken and specific chromosome mutations for some cancers have been reported. However, the study of meiotic, gamete, and embryo chromosomes is not very advanced. Knowledge of canine genome organization and new molecular tools, such as aCGH (array comparative genome hybridization), SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) microarray, and ddPCR (droplet digital PCR) allow the identification of chromosomal rearrangements. It is anticipated that the comprehensive use of chromosome banding, FISH, and molecular techniques will substantially improve the diagnosis of chromosome abnormalities in dogs.

Details

Language :
English
ISSN :
11040947 and 20762615
Volume :
11
Issue :
4
Database :
Directory of Open Access Journals
Journal :
Animals
Publication Type :
Academic Journal
Accession number :
edsdoj.67a637c5c75d4b25aaaadf25f6548698
Document Type :
article
Full Text :
https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11040947