Dietary phytosterols improves the metabolic status of perinatal cows as evidenced by plasma metabolomics and faecal microbial metabolism

Objective Previous research reported that dietary addition with phytosterols improved the energy utilisation of the rumen microbiome, suggesting its potential to alleviate the negative energy balance of perinatal cows. This experiment aimed to explore the effects of feeding phytosterols on the metabolic status of perinatal cows through plasma metabolomics and faecal bacteria metabolism. Methods Ten perinatal Holstein cows (multiparous, 2 parities) with a similar calving date were selected four weeks before calving. After 7 days for adaptation, cows were allocated to two groups (n = 5), which respectively received the basal rations supplementing commercial phytosterols at 0 and 200 mg/d during a 42-day experiment. The milk yield of each cow was recorded daily after calving. On days 1 and 42, blood and faeces samples were all collected from perinatal cows before morning feeding for analysing plasma biochemicals and metabolome, and faecal bacteria metabolism. Results Dietary addition with phytosterols at 200 mg/d had no effects on plasma cholesterol and numerically increased milk yield by 1.82 kg/d (p>0.10) but attenuated their negative energy balance in perinatal cows as observed from the significantly decreased plasma level of β-hydroxybutyric acid (p = 0.002). Dietary addition with phytosterols significantly altered 12 and 15 metabolites (p0.10) but improved potentially beneficial bacteria such as Christensenellaceae family (p