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Molecular Pathways Implicated in Radioresistance of Glioblastoma Multiforme: What Is the Role of Extracellular Vesicles?

Authors :
Pavel Burko
Giuseppa D’Amico
Ilia Miltykh
Federica Scalia
Everly Conway de Macario
Alberto J. L. Macario
Giuseppe Giglia
Francesco Cappello
Celeste Caruso Bavisotto
Source :
International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Vol 24, Iss 5, p 4883 (2023)
Publication Year :
2023
Publisher :
MDPI AG, 2023.

Abstract

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a primary brain tumor that is very aggressive, resistant to treatment, and characterized by a high degree of anaplasia and proliferation. Routine treatment includes ablative surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. However, GMB rapidly relapses and develops radioresistance. Here, we briefly review the mechanisms underpinning radioresistance and discuss research to stop it and install anti-tumor defenses. Factors that participate in radioresistance are varied and include stem cells, tumor heterogeneity, tumor microenvironment, hypoxia, metabolic reprogramming, the chaperone system, non-coding RNAs, DNA repair, and extracellular vesicles (EVs). We direct our attention toward EVs because they are emerging as promising candidates as diagnostic and prognostication tools and as the basis for developing nanodevices for delivering anti-cancer agents directly into the tumor mass. EVs are relatively easy to obtain and manipulate to endow them with the desired anti-cancer properties and to administer them using minimally invasive procedures. Thus, isolating EVs from a GBM patient, supplying them with the necessary anti-cancer agent and the capability of recognizing a specified tissue-cell target, and reinjecting them into the original donor appears, at this time, as a reachable objective of personalized medicine.

Details

Language :
English
ISSN :
14220067 and 16616596
Volume :
24
Issue :
5
Database :
Directory of Open Access Journals
Journal :
International Journal of Molecular Sciences
Publication Type :
Academic Journal
Accession number :
edsdoj.6e5466f182a432094b754e8de79dbf7
Document Type :
article
Full Text :
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24054883