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Retinoblastoma with and without Extraocular Tumor Extension
Authors :
Swathi Kaliki, MD Vijitha S. Vempuluru, MD Ido Didi Fabian, MD Elhassan Abdallah, MD Shehu U. Abdullahi, MD Rula A. Abdulqader, MD Aminatu A. Abdulrahaman, MD Sherif Abouelnaga, MD Dupe S. Ademola-Popoola, FMCOph, FWACS Adedayo Adio, FWACS Mahmoud A. Afifi, MD Armin R. Afshar, MD Priyanka Aggarwal, MD Ada E. Aghaji, FMCOph MSc Alia Ahmad, MRCPCH UK Marliyanti N.R. Akib, MD Adeseye M. Akinsete, MBBS Lamis Al Harby, MD Saleh A. Al Mesfer, MD Mouroge H. Al Ani, MD Silvia Alarcón Portabella, MD Safaa A.F. Al-Badri, MD Ana Patricia A. Alcasabas, MD Saad A. Al-Dahmash, MD Amanda Alejos, MD Ernesto Alemany-Rubio, MD Amadou I. Alfa Bio, MD Yvania Alfonso Carreras, MD Christiane E. Al-Haddad, MD Hamoud H.Y. Al-Hussaini, MD, MSc Amany M. Ali, MD Donjeta B. Alia, MD Mazin F. Al-Jadiry, MD Usama Al-Jumaly, MD Hind M. Alkatan, MD Charlotta All-Eriksson, MD, PhD Ali A.R.M. Al-Mafrachi, FIBMS Argentino A. Almeida, MD Khalifa M. Alsawidi, MD Athar A.S.M. Al-Shaheen, MD Entissar H. Al-Shammary, MD Doreen Amankwaa-Frempong, MBChB Primawita O. Amiruddin, MD Inggar Armytasari, MD Nicholas J. Astbury, FRCS, FRCOphth Hatice T. Atalay, MD Eda Ataseven, MD La-ongsri Atchaneeyasakul, MD Rose Atsiaya, OCO Rudolf Autrata, MD, PhD Julia Balaguer, MD, PhD Ruhengiz Balayeva, PhD Honorio Barranco, MD, PhD Paulina Bartoszek, MD Katarina Bartuma, MD, PhD Covadonga Bascaran, MD, MSc Nikolaos E. Bechrakis, MD Maja Beck Popovic, MD Ainura S. Begimkulova, MD Sarra Benmiloud, MD Rokia C. Berete, MD, PhD Jesse L. Berry, MD Anirban Bhaduri, MD Sunil Bhat, MBBS, MD Arpita Bhattacharyya, MD Eva M. Biewald, MD Elaine Binkley, MD Sharon Blum, MD Nadia Bobrova, MD H. Culver Boldt, MD Maria Teresa B.C. Bonanomi, MD, PhD Gabrielle C. Bouda, MD Hédi Bouguila, MD, PhD Rachel C. Brennan, MD Bénédicte G. Brichard, MD, PhD Jassada Buaboonnam, MD Aléine Budiongo, MD Matthew Burton, FRCOphth Patricia Calderón-Sotelo, MD Doris A. Calle Jara, MD Jayne E. Camuglia, FRANZCO Miriam R. Cano, MD, MSc Michael Capra, FRCPI Shani Caspi, MD Nathalie Cassoux, MD, PhD Guilherme Castela, MD Luis Castillo, MD Jaume Català-Mora, MD, PhD Isabel Caviedes, MD Arthika Chandramohan, MD Guillermo L. Chantada, MD, PhD Shabana Chaudhry, MD Bhavna Chawla, MD Wensi Chen, MD Faraja S. Chiwanga, MSc Tsengelmaa Chuluunbat, MD, PhD Krzysztof Cieslik, MD Antony Clark, FRANZCO Ruellyn L. Cockcroft, MB ChB , M Med Paed Codruta Comsa, MD Maria G. Correa Llano, MD Timothy W. Corson, PhD Line Couitchere, MD Kristin E. Cowan-Lyn, MD, MBBS Monika Csóka, MD, PhD Wantanee Dangboon, MD Anirban Das, MD Pranab Das, MD Sima Das, MS Jacquelyn M. Davanzo, BSN, BSPH Alan Davidson, MBChB, MPhil Sonia De Francesco, MD Patrick De Potter, MD, PhD Karina Q. Delgado, MD, PhD Hakan Demirci, MD Laurence Desjardins, MD Rosdali Y. Diaz Coronado, MD Helen Dimaras, PhD Andrew J. Dodgshun, M Phil Carla R. Donato Macedo, MD Monica D. Dragomir, MD, PhD Yi Du, MD Magritha Du Bruyn, MD Johannes P. Du Plessis, MMed (Paed) Gagan Dudeja, MBBS, MS Katrin Eerme, MD I Wayan Eka Sutyawan, MD Asmaa El Kettani, MD Amal M. Elbahi, MD James E. Elder, MBBS Alaa M. Elhaddad, MD, PhD Moawia M.A. Elhassan, MD Mahmoud M. Elzembely, MD Connor Ericksen, MD Vera A. Essuman, FWACS Ted Grimbert A. Evina, MD Ifeoma R. Ezegwui, FMCOph, FWACS, FAEH Zehra Fadoo, MBBS Adriana C. Fandiño, MD Mohammad Faranoush, MD Oluyemi Fasina, FWACS Delia D.P.G. Fernández, MSc Ana Fernández-Teijeiro, MD, PhD Allen Foster, FRCOphth Shahar Frenkel, MD, PhD Ligia D. Fu, MD Soad L. Fuentes-Alabi, MD, MPH Juan L. Garcia, MSc David García Aldana, MD Henry N. Garcia Pacheco, MD Jennifer A. Geel, MBChB, MMed Fariba Ghassemi, MD Ana V. Girón, MD Marco A. Goenz, MD Aaron S. Gold, OD Hila Golberg, MD Glen A. Gole, MD, FRANZCO Nir Gomel, MD Efren Gonzalez, MD Graciela Gonzalez Perez, MD Liudmira González-Rodríguez, MD Malka Gorfine, PhD Jaime Graells, MD Pernille A. Gregersen, MD Nathalia D.A.K. Grigorovski, MD Koffi M. Guedenon, MD D Sanjeeva Gunasekera, MD Ahmet K. Gündüz, MD Himika Gupta, MD Sanjiv Gupta, MS Vineeta Gupta, MD Theodora Hadjistilianou, MD Patrick Hamel, MD Syed A. Hamid, FCPS Norhafizah Hamzah, MSc Eric D. Hansen, MD J William Harbour, MD M. Elizabeth Hartnett, MD Murat Hasanreisoglu, MD Sadiq Hassan, MD, FWACS Shadab Hassan, FRCS, FCPS Wojciech Hautz, MD Huda A. Haydar, CHD Stanislava Hederova, MD Laila Hessissen, MD Hoby Lalaina, MD Suradej Hongeng, MD Diriba F. Hordofa, MD G. Baker Hubbard, MD Marlies Hummlen, MD Kristina Husakova, MD Allawi N. Hussein Al-Janabi, MD Affiong A. Ibanga, MB.BCh, FMCOph Russo Ida, MD Vesna R. Ilic, MD Ziyavuddin Islamov, MD Vivekaraj Jairaj, DNB Teyyeb A. Janjua, MD, FCPS, FRCSEd Irfan Jeeva, FRCOphth Xunda Ji, MD Dong Hyun Jo, MD, PhD Michael M. Jones, MD, PhD, FRANZCO Theophile B. Amani Kabesha, MD, PhD Rolande L. Kabore, MD Abubakar Kalinaki, MD Pius Kamsang, MD Mehmet Kantar, MD Noa Kapelushnik, MD Tamar Kardava, PhD Rejin Kebudi, MD Jonny Keomisy, MD Tomas Kepak, MD Petra Ketteler, MD Zohora J. Khan, MD Hussain A. Khaqan, MD Vikas Khetan, FRCS, FACS Alireza Khodabande, MD Zaza Khotenashvili, MD Jonathan W. Kim, MD Jeong Hun Kim, MD, PhD Hayyam Kiratli, MD Tero T. Kivelä, MD Artur Klett, MD, PhD Irem Koç, MD Jess Elio Kosh Komba Palet, MD Dalia Krivaitiene, MD, PhD Mariana Kruger, Mmed Paed, PhD Kittisak Kulvichit, MD Mayasari W. Kuntorini, MD Alice Kyara, BA Geoffrey C. Lam, FRANZCO Scott A. Larson, MD Slobodanka Latinović, MD, PhD Kelly D. Laurenti, MD Yotam Lavi, MD, PhD Alenka Lavric Groznik, MD Amy A. Leverant, MD Cairui Li, MD Kaijun Li, MD Ben Limbu, MD Chun-Hsiu Liu, MD Quah Boon Long, FRCS (Ed), MMed ( Ophth), FAMS Juan P. López, MD Robert M. Lukamba, MD Sandra Luna-Fineman, MD Delfitri Lutfi, MD Lesia Lysytsia, MD Shiran Madgar, MD George N. Magrath, MD Amita Mahajan, MD Puja Maitra, MD Erika Maka, MD Emil K. Makimbetov, MD Azza M.Y. Maktabi, MD Carlos Maldonado, MD Ashwin Mallipatna, MD Rebecca Manudhane, MD Lyazat Manzhuova, MD Nieves Martín Begue, MD, PhD Sidra Masud, MBBS Ibrahim O. Matende, MD, M. Med (Oph) Clarissa C.D.S. Mattosinho, MD Marchelo Matua, BAPH Ismail Mayet, MD Freddy B. Mbumba, MD, MMed Paed John D. McKenzie, MD Azim Mehrvar, MD Aemero A. Mengesha, MD Vikas Menon, MD Gary John V.D.D. Mercado, MD Marilyn B. Mets, MD Edoardo Midena, MD, PhD Audra Miller, MD Divyansh K.C. Mishra, DNB Furahini G. Mndeme, MD Ahmed A. Mohamedani, FRCPath Mona T. Mohammad, MD, FRCS Annette C. Moll, MD, PhD Margarita M. Montero, MD Claude Moreira, MD, PhD Prithvi Mruthyunjaya, MD, MHS Mchikirwa S. Msina, MMed Ophth Gerald Msukwa, MMed Ophth Sangeeta S. Mudaliar, DNB Pediatric Hassan Muhammad, MD Kangwa I. Muma, MMed Ophth, FCOphth Francis L. Munier, MD Timothy G. Murray, MD, MBA Kareem O. Musa, FWACS, FMCOphth, FICO Asma Mushtaq, MD Anne A. Musika, MD Hamzah Mustak, MD Tajudeen Mustapha, MBBS, FWACS Okwen M. Muyen, MD Khumo H. Myezo, Msc Gita Naidu, MMed Paed, PhD Natasha Naidu, MBCHB, FCS Ophthalmol Akshay Gopinathan Nair, MD Sundaram Natarajan, FRCS Larisa Naumenko, MD, PhD Paule Aïda Ndoye Roth, MD PhD Yetty M. Nency, MD Vladimir Neroev, MD, PhD Yvonne Ng, MBChB ( Auckland) , FRANZCO Marina Nikitovic, MD, PhD Elizabeth D. Nkanga, FMCOph Henry E. Nkumbe, MD Marcel N. Numbi, MD Kalle Nummi, MD Murtuza Nuruddin, FRCS Mutale Nyaywa, MD, MMed Ophth, FCOphth Chinsisi Nyirenda, MD Ghislaine Obono-Obiang, MD Scott C.N. Oliver, MD Joaquin Ooporto, MD Miriam Ortega-Hernández, MD Alexander Oscar, MD Diego Ossandon, MD Halimah Pagarra, MD, PhD Vivian Paintsil, FWACP Luisa Paiva, MD Mahesh Shanmugam Palanivelu, FRCSED Ruzanna Papyan, MD Raffaele Parrozzani, MD, PhD Claudia R. Pascual Morales, MD Katherine E. Paton, MD, FRCSC Jacob Pe'er, MD Jesús Peralta Calvo, MD Sanja Perić, MD, PhD Chau T.M. Pham, MD Remezo Philbert, MD David A. Plager, MD Pavel Pochop, MD, PhD Rodrigo A. Polania, MD Vladimir Polyakov, MD Jimena Ponce, MD Ali O. Qadir, MD Seema Qayyum, FCPS Jiang Qian, MD Ardizal Rahman, MD Purnima Rajkarnikar, MD Rajesh Ramanjulu, MD Aparna Ramasubramanian, MD Marco A. Ramirez-Ortiz, MD, MPH Jasmeen K. Randhawa, BA Léa Raobela, MD Riffat Rashid, MS M. Ashwin Reddy, FRCOphth Lorna A. Renner, FRCPCH (UK) David Reynders, MD Dahiru Ribadu, FMCOph Petra Ritter-Sovinz, MD Anna Rogowska, MD Duangnate Rojanaporn, MD Livia Romero, MD Soma R. Roy, DCO Raya H. Saab, MD Svetlana Saakyan, MD, PhD Ahmed H. Sabhan, MD Mandeep S. Sagoo, FRCS (Ed) Azza M.A. Said, MD Rohit Saiju, MD Beatriz Salas, MD Sonsoles San Román Pacheco, MD Gissela L. Sánchez, MD Alma Janeth Sanchez Orozco, MD Phayvanh Sayalith, MD Trish A. Scanlan, MRCPI, MSc Christoph Schwab, MD Ahad Sedaghat, MD Rachna Seth, DNB MNAMS Mariana Sgroi, MD Ankoor S. Shah, MD, PhD Shawkat A. Shakoor, MS Manoj K. Sharma, MD Sadik T. Sherief, MD Carol L. Shields, MD David Sia, MB ChB, FRANZCO Sorath Noorani Siddiqui, MD Sidi Sidi cheikh, MD, PhD Sónia Silva, MD Arun D. Singh, MD Usha Singh, MS Penny Singha, MD Rita S. Sitorus, MD, PhD Alison H. Skalet, MD, PhD Hendrian D. Soebagjo, MD, PhD Tetyana Sorochynska, MD, PhD Grace Ssali, MD Andrew W. Stacey, MD Sandra E. Staffieri, PhD Erin D. Stahl, MD David M. Steinberg, PhD David K. Stones, MBChB, FCPaed Caron Strahlendorf, MD Maria Estela Coleoni Suarez, MD Sadia Sultana, FCPS Xiantao Sun, MD Rosanne Superstein, MD Eddy Supriyadi, MD, PhD Supawan Surukrattanaskul, MD Shigenobu Suzuki, MD, PhD Karel Svojgr, MD, PhD Fatoumata Sylla, MD Gevorg Tamamyan, MD, PhD Deborah Tan, MBBS Alketa Tandili, MD, PhD Jing Tang, MD Fanny F. Tarrillo Leiva, MD Maryam Tashvighi, MD Bekim Tateshi, MD, PhD Kok Hoi Teh, MD Edi S. Tehuteru, MD Luiz F. Teixeira, MD Manca Tekavcic Pompe, MD, PhD Abdullah Dahan M. Thawaba, MD Tuyisabe Theophile, MSc Helen Toledano, MBChB Doan L. Trang, MD Fousseyni Traoré, MD Devjyoti Tripathy, MD Samuray Tuncer, MD Harba Tyau-Tyau, MD Ali B. Umar, MD, FMCPath Emel Unal, MD Ogul E. Uner, BA Steen F. Urbak, MD, PhD Tatiana L. Ushakova, MD Rustam H. Usmanov, MD Sandra Valeina, MD Paola Valente, MD Milo van Hoefen Wijsard, MD Jacqueline Karina Vasquez Anchaya, MD Leon O. Vaughan, FRCS (Ed) Nevyana V. Veleva-Krasteva, MD, PhD Nishant Verma, MD Andi A. Victor, MD, PhD Maris Viksnins, MD Edwin G. Villacís Chafla, MD Victor M. Villegas, MD Victoria Vishnevskia-Dai, MD Keith Waddell, DM, FRCP, FRCS, FRCOphth Amina H. Wali, MD, FMCOph Nigeria Yi-Zhuo Wang, MD Nutsuchar Wangtiraumnuay, MD, FICO Julie A. Wetter, MMed Rad Onc, FCRad Onc Widiarti P. Riono, MD Matthew W. Wilson, MD Amelia D.C. Wime, MD Atchareeya Wiwatwongwana, MD Damrong Wiwatwongwana, MD Charlotte Wolley Dod, MD Emily S. Wong, FCOphth HK, FHKAM Phanthipha Wongwai, MD, PhD Si-qi Wu, MSc Daoman Xiang, MD, PhD Yishuang Xiao, MSc Bing Xu, MD Kang Xue, MD Antonio Yaghy, MD Jason C. Yam, FRCSEd Huasheng Yang, MD Jenny M. Yanga, MD Muhammad A. Yaqub, MD, FCPS, FRCSEd Vera A. Yarovaya, MD Andrey A. Yarovoy, MD, PhD Huijing Ye, MD Roberto I. Yee, MD Yacoub A. Yousef, MD Putu Yuliawati, MD Arturo M. López, MD Ekhtelbenina Zein, MD Yi Zhang, MD, PhD Katsiaryna Zhilyaeva, MD Nida Zia, MBBS, MCPS Othman A.O. Ziko, MD, PhD Marcia Zondervan, MBA Sabrina Schlüter, MD Richard Bowman, FRCOphth
Source :
Ophthalmology Science, Vol 5, Iss 2, Pp 100637- (2025)
Publication Year :
2025
Publisher :
Elsevier, 2025.
Abstract
Purpose: To study the treatment and outcomes of children with retinoblastoma (RB) with extraocular tumor extension (RB-EOE) and compare them with RB without extraocular tumor extension (RB-w/o-EOE). Design: Multicenter intercontinental collaborative prospective study from 2017 to 2020. RB-EOE cases included those with overt orbital tumor extension in treatment-naive patients. Cases with microscopic orbital extension detected postenucleation were excluded from the study. Participants: A total of 319 children with RB-EOE and 3116 children with RB-w/o-EOE. Intervention: Chemotherapy, enucleation, exenteration, radiotherapy. Main Outcome Measures: Systemic metastasis and death. Results: Of the 3435 RB patients included in this study, 309 (9%) were from low-income countries (LIC), 1448 (42%) from lower-middle income, 1012 (29%) from upper-middle income, and 666 (19%) patients from high-income countries. There was an inverse relationship between the percentage of RB-EOE and national income level, with 96 (31%) patients from LIC, 197 (6%) lower-middle income, 20 (2%) upper-middle income, and 6 (1%) patients from high-income countries (P = 0.0001). The outcomes were statistically significant for RB-EOE compared with RB-w/o-EOE: systemic metastasis (32% vs. 4% respectively; P = 0.0001) and metastasis-related death (63% vs. 6% respectively; P = 0.0001). Multimodal treatment was the most common form of treatment (n = 177; 54%) for RB-EOE, with most cases undergoing a combination of intravenous chemotherapy and enucleation (n = 97; 30%). Adjuvant external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) after surgery (enucleation/orbital exenteration) was given in only 68 (21%) cases. Kaplan–Meier analysis for systemic metastasis and metastasis-related death in RB-EOE was 28% and 57% at 1 year, 29% and 60% at 2 years, and 29% and 61% at 3 years, respectively. Cox regression analysis revealed that the risk of death from RB-EOE was greater in patients aged >4 years than
Details
Language :
English
ISSN :
26669145
Volume :
5
Issue :
2
Database :
Directory of Open Access Journals
Journal :
Ophthalmology Science
Publication Type :
Academic Journal
Accession number :
edsdoj.6f4d7aa08a0049b5934d5fb4885d9275
Document Type :
article
Full Text :
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xops.2024.100637