Using machine learning to enhance prediction of atrial fibrillation recurrence after catheter ablation

Abstract Background Traditional risk scores for recurrent atrial fibrillation (AF) following catheter ablation utilize readily available clinical and echocardiographic variables and yet have limited discriminatory capacity. Use of data from cardiac imaging and deep learning may help improve accuracy and prediction of recurrent AF after ablation. Methods We evaluated patients with symptomatic, drug‐refractory AF undergoing catheter ablation. All patients underwent pre‐ablation cardiac computed tomography (cCT). LAVi was computed using a deep‐learning algorithm. In a two‐step analysis, random survival forest (RSF) was used to generate prognostic models with variables of highest importance, followed by Cox proportional hazard regression analysis of the selected variables. Events of interest included early and late recurrence. Results Among 653 patients undergoing AF ablation, the most important factors associated with late recurrence by RSF analysis at 24 (+/−18) months follow‐up included LAVi and early recurrence. In total, 5 covariates were identified as independent predictors of late recurrence: LAVi (HR per mL/m2 1.01 [1.01–1.02]; p 66.7 mL/m2 and early recurrence had the highest risk of late recurrence risk compared with those with LAVi