A Review of Three-Dimensional Tin Halide Perovskites as Solar Cell Materials

Abstract Thin film solar cell materials such as 3D metal halide perovskites are cheaper alternatives to silicon. Presently, the conversion efficiency of 3D lead halide perovskites is 25.5% (2021), which represents an increase of more than 550% since their discovery in 2009 (3.8%). Despite this remarkable progress, concerns about the toxicity of lead have sparked the quest for possible substitutes, in particular, 3D tin halide perovskites. This review covers the general properties of tin halide perovskites, synthesis and stability. It also identifies possible gaps and application beyond solar cells.