Application on the advancements in nanomaterial-based antimicrobial photodynamic therapy in oral infectious diseases

Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy uses photosensitizers to produce reactive oxygen species under light exposure to inhibit pathogenic bacteria. Although its application in the management of oral infectious diseases has increased over recent years, it is limited by inadequate tissue and biofilm penetration and suboptimal bioavailability exhibited by individual photosensitizers. These challenges can potentially be surmounted through the integration of nanomaterials, such as polymers, metals and metal oxides, metal-organic frameworks, and carbon and silicon nanomaterials. Polymers allow the controlled release of photosensitizers through structural adjustments but have low stability, while metals and metal oxides possess strong antibacterial properties but can be potentially toxic. Meanwhile, metal-organic frameworks have flexible structures and multifunctionality but have low stability and potential toxicity. Moreover, carbon and silicon nanomaterials, despite exhibiting excellent antibacterial properties and biocompatibility, have limited application due to high production costs. Materials with inherent antibacterial properties, such as chitosan and graphene oxide, have broader application prospects, as they can form multimodal antibacterial platforms with photosensitizers, enhancing the antibacterial effects and eliminating infections. Future research could incorporate other functional materials, such as anti-inflammatory agents and immunomodulatory materials, to construct comprehensive therapeutic nanoplatforms for the treatment of oral infectious diseases.