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Hidroquímica de ríos de montaña (Sierras de Córdoba, Argentina): elementos mayoritarios disueltos Hydrochemistry of Mountainous Rivers (Sierras de Córdoba, Argentina): dissolved major elements

Authors :
Karina L Lecomte
M. Gabriela García
Stella M Fórmica
Pedro J Depetris
Source :
Latin American Journal of Sedimentology and Basin Analysis, Vol 18, Iss 1, Pp 43-62 (2011)
Publication Year :
2011
Publisher :
Asociación Argentina de Sedimentología, 2011.

Abstract

Las Sierras Pampeanas de Córdoba constituyen un sitio importante para el estudio de sistemas hídricos por su importancia socio-económico-cultural. Allí se originan redes de drenajes muy importantes que proveen agua potable a la población del este y del oeste de las sierras. Litológicamente el área de estudio está representada por granitoides del Batolito de Achala (cuenca alta y media), y por gneises y sedimentos modernos aguas abajo. El clima es semiárido con precipitaciones medias anuales de ~750 mm. La clasificación geoquímica de los ríos y arroyos estudiados indica que, en general, son aguas diluidas y bicarbonatadas-mixtas a sódico-potásicas, con algunos ejemplos sin especie iónica dominante. El origen de los solutos está controlado por dos factores principales: las precipitaciones y la incipiente meteorización. La señal química de las precipitaciones prevalece en las cabeceras de los ríos, lo cual es notorio al analizar las señales de iones tales como Ca2+ y Cl-. El resto de los iones evidencian un aumento en las concentraciones en arroyos y vertientes de altura. La variación estacional de las precipitaciones ejerce un control principalmente sobre los elementos mayoritarios, cuyas concentraciones se diluyen en épocas húmedas y se incrementan durante el período seco, bajo condiciones de caudal de base. La dinámica de los iones mayoritarios se basa en los procesos geoquímicos que controlan el transporte de los mismos. Espacialmente se verifica un aumento en sus concentraciones (en especial del Ca2+) aguas abajo al igual que en el resto de los parámetros físico-químicos provenientes de la meteorización congruente e incongruente de los minerales presentes en el área de estudio. El modelo geoquímico propuesto (PHREEQC) para estos sistemas en particular evidencia que los principales procesos que explican la evolución química del agua en esta cuenca son la disolución y/o hidrólisis de minerales primarios presentes en las rocas aflorantes, tales como muscovita, oligoclasa, calcita, biotita y yeso y la formación de minerales secundarios tales como illita y caolinita. Para que se produzca esta meteorización química se consumen 4.10-3 moles de CO2 por litro de agua. Debido a la homogeneidad litológica y climática de las zonas serranas de la región de las Sierras Pampeanas, los resultados de este trabajo pueden ser extrapolados a la mayoría de los sistemas hídricos de la región, además de contribuir al conocimiento de la geoquímica de elementos mayoritarios en sistemas hídricos de alta montaña de otras regiones graníticas en el mundo.The Sierras Pampeanas of Córdoba, Argentina, is an interesting locality to study the geochemistry of mountainous river systems, both for their socio-economic and cultural significance and for the diversity of streams and rivers that drain its slopes. Several important drainage networks in Córdoba Province have their headwaters in these ranges. In this work, the major chemical composition of water collected from four hydrological catchments is analyzed, with the aim of determining the sources of solutes, the geochemical processes that control their basin's dynamics and the influence of climatic conditions on the seasonal variation of elemental concentrations. Four drainage basins were selected for this study. All basins are classified as 5th order in Horton's classification (1945) (modified by Stralher, 1987) and their mean slopes vary between ~5%, in the eastern flank, and more than 9% on the range's western side. The study area is located between 31° 30' - 32° 00'S and between 64° 30' and 65° 10'W. Maximum altitude is about 2,400 m a.s.l. (Fig. 1). Dominant rocks are granitoids of the Achala Batholith that crop out in the upper and middle parts of the study basins, while gneisses and modern sediments dominate in the lower reaches. Climate is semiarid; mean rainfall reaches about 750 mm per year. The atmospheric input chemical signature (pluvial and snow precipitation) was analyzed and compared with that of springs and 1st order streams (Fig. 3) using an upper continental crust (UCC, McLennan, 2001) normalized diagram. The concentration of dissolved major and trace elements is of the order of 10³ to 10(7) times lower than the mean Upper Continental Crust. According to the observed patterns, atmospheric and spring chemical signals are very similar; however, elements such as Si, Na+ and in less importance Al+3 and Mg+2 are more enriched in springs and 1st order streams than in precipitations. The latter suggests an important contribution to water discharges in these small hydrological systems from rain/snow water stored in fractures and pores where long residence time allows silicate hydrolysis and the consequent release of more insoluble elements to the water, such as Al+3. Decreasing concentration of K+ in springs and streams is likely due to its incorporation into the illite lattice. Dissolved Ca2+ is the only major cation that keeps the atmospheric signal. In figure 4 river samples were divided according to their Horton's order and the major ionic composition was normalized to the corresponding average values in the precipitation. As seen in the diagram, all patterns show the same trend and, as usual, elemental concentrations increase in the flow direction, evidencing solute contribution by mineral weathering. Most elements are more concentrated in superficial waters with the exception of K+, which remains associated to clay minerals, and Cl-, whose concentration keeps constant, except in 5th order rivers. Increasing elemental concentration downflow is mainly due to silicate weathering and carbonates dissolution. The latter is probably associated with atmospheric dust and disseminated calcite in regolith and soils from the study area. Mountainous rivers and streams are diluted due to the short water-rock contact time and also because soils and sediment accumulations are shallow. In the study area, total dissolved solids (TDS) vary between 10 and 60 mg l-1, which implies a shared atmospheric and weathering control (Gibbs, 1970). River waters draining crystalline rocks show electrical conductivity values from

Details

Language :
English, Spanish; Castilian, Portuguese
ISSN :
16697316 and 18514979
Volume :
18
Issue :
1
Database :
Directory of Open Access Journals
Journal :
Latin American Journal of Sedimentology and Basin Analysis
Publication Type :
Academic Journal
Accession number :
edsdoj.7e1e9b978fdd4f9a938f43cd73517804
Document Type :
article