Application of transcranial Doppler ultrasonography in cardiovascular surgery

The neurological complications following cardiovascular surgery can significantly affect the prognosis of patients. As a convenient and non⁃invasive intraoperative neurological monitoring method, transcranial Doppler ultrasonography (TCD) can provide real⁃time assessment of cerebral hemodynamics and microemboli signals, guide the development of neuroprotective strategies, and reduce the brain injury events. This review systematically summarizes the basic methods and technical performance of TCD monitoring, its clinical application in cardiovascular surgery, as well as the main limitations and future trends of this technology, in order to improve perioperative safety.