Olive Anthracnose in Portugal Is Still Mostly Caused by Colletotrichum nymphaeae, but C. acutatum Is Spreading and C. alienum and C. cigarro Are Reported for the First Time

Olive anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum fungi, is responsible for major fruit yield losses and poor olive oil quality worldwide. In the Mediterranean basin, some Colletotrichum spp. appear to be replacing others, possibly due to climate change and modification in cultural systems. To update the situation in Portugal, 525 olive groves were surveyed throughout the country over two years, revealing a decrease in disease incidence, associated with scarcer rainfall and new cropping systems using less susceptible cultivars. A collection of 212 isolates was obtained, and phylogenetic analyses using a multi-locus sequencing approach (five and six loci in the acutatum and gloeosporioides species complex, respectively) revealed the presence of seven Colletotrichum species within the collection. Compared to surveys conducted in the first decade of the 21st century, the species composition of olive anthracnose pathogens in Portugal remains mostly unchanged, with C. nymphaeae as the prevalent species, followed by C. godetiae, but with C. acutatum geographically expanding and with C. alienum and C. cigarro being reported for the first time as causal agents of olive anthracnose in Portugal. A close attention to pathogen population shifts, in the context of climate change and modification of cultivation systems, is fundamental for anticipating plant protection measures.