Relationship between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations and blood pressure among US adults without a previous diagnosis of hypertension: evidence from NHANES 2005–2018

BackgroundThere are various cross-sectional studies that concluded that vitamin D is associated with blood pressure, but randomized controlled studies have not yielded consistent conclusions. Considering many limitations indeed, our study aimed to examine whether concentrations of 25(OH)D are inversely associated with blood pressure in people without a previous diagnosis of hypertension.MethodWe analyzed data from the 2005–2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated by applying multivariable logistic regression models. The dose–response relationship was assessed by means of restricted cubic spline regression, and stratification analyses were employed to test the consistency between the subgroups.ResultsOf 17,467 participants aged ≥ 20 years without a previous diagnosis of hypertension, 4,769 had higher blood pressure. Compared with individuals whose 25(OH)D levels were in the bottom quartile (