Graphene Systems: Methods of Fabrication and Treatment, Structure Formation, and Functional Properties

The literary data on the structure, basic methods of fabrication and treatment as well as physical properties of graphene, including a doped one, which enable use of it as a functional nanomaterial, are reviewed. Ordered distributions of substitutional atoms over the sites of a two-dimensional honeycomb lattice at different compositions and temperatures are described theoretically. The ranges of values of interatomic-interaction energy parameters promoting the low-temperature stability of graphene-based superstructures are determined. Even the short-range interatomic interactions provide a stability of some superstructures, while the long-range interactions only stabilize other ones. The competition of intrasublattice and intersublattice interatomic interactions and the domination of the last ones (by energies) enable a time nonmonotony of the atomic-order-parameter relaxation.