Back to Search Start Over

Clostridium botulinum type C, D, C/D, and D/C: An update

Authors :
François Meurens
Frédéric Carlin
Michel Federighi
Maria-Eleni Filippitzi
Matthieu Fournier
Philippe Fravalo
Jean-Pierre Ganière
Lionel Grisot
Laurent Guillier
Didier Hilaire
Pauline Kooh
Sophie Le Bouquin-Leneveu
Caroline Le Maréchal
Christelle Mazuet
Hervé Morvan
Karine Petit
Jean-Pierre Vaillancourt
Cédric Woudstra
Source :
Frontiers in Microbiology, Vol 13 (2023)
Publication Year :
2023
Publisher :
Frontiers Media S.A., 2023.

Abstract

Clostridium botulinum is the main causative agent of botulism, a neurological disease encountered in humans as well as animals. Nine types of botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) have been described so far. Amongst these “toxinotypes,” the A, the B and E are the most frequently encountered in humans while the C, D, C/D and D/C are mostly affecting domestic and wild birds as well as cattle. In France for instance, many cases and outbreaks are reported in these animal species every year. However, underestimation is very likely at least for avifauna species where the detection of dead animals can be challenging. Knowledge about BoNTs C, D, C/D, and D/C and the diseases they cause in animals and humans is still scarce and unclear. Specifically, the potential role of animal botulism outbreaks in cattle and poultry as a source of human illness needs to be further assessed. In this narrative review, we present the current knowledge about toxinotypes C, D, C/D, and D/C in cattle and poultry with, amongst various other aspects, their epidemiological cycles. We also discuss the zoonotic potential of these toxinotypes and some possible ways of risk mitigation. An adapted and effective management of botulism outbreaks in livestock also requires a better understanding of these less common and known toxinotypes.

Details

Language :
English
ISSN :
1664302X
Volume :
13
Database :
Directory of Open Access Journals
Journal :
Frontiers in Microbiology
Publication Type :
Academic Journal
Accession number :
edsdoj.85cdc5e7a6146a9bfe6c6f116f333c6
Document Type :
article
Full Text :
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2022.1099184