Under the Hood of Electromagnetic Field Estimation and Evaluation in 5G Networks

The estimation of Electromagnetic Field (EMF) exposure is critical for evaluating the potential health risks associated with wireless network implementation. With the advent of new communication technologies, such as 5G and 6G, new methodologies are required. Indeed, higher frequency ranges are being studied, necessitating an increased number of base stations for service provision. In this paper, we introduce a novel methodology for EMF estimation in 5G mobile networks. We also evaluate common scenarios that mobile network operators frequently encounter, resulting in additional exposure, such as interference, overpropagation, and the presence of other users. Our approach is validated through a combination of simulated values and real data collected from sensors deployed in the field. Finally, a digital twin approach is proposed to combine the simulated values with the real data obtained from radio frequency sensors. The scenario is deployed in Belval, Luxembourg.