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Nanochannel Array on Electrochemically Polarized Screen Printed Carbon Electrode for Rapid and Sensitive Electrochemical Determination of Clozapine in Human Whole Blood

Authors :
Kai Wang
Luoxing Yang
Huili Huang
Ning Lv
Jiyang Liu
Youshi Liu
Source :
Molecules, Vol 27, Iss 9, p 2739 (2022)
Publication Year :
2022
Publisher :
MDPI AG, 2022.

Abstract

Rapid and highly sensitive determination of clozapine (CLZ), a psychotropic drug for the treatment of refractory schizophrenia, in patients is of great significance to reduce the risk of disease recurrence. However, direct electroanalysis of CLZ in human whole blood remains a great challenge owing to the remarkable fouling that occurs in a complex matrix. In this work, a miniaturized, integrated, disposable electrochemical sensing platform based on the integration of nanochannel arrays on the surface of screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCE) is demonstrated. The device achieves high determination sensitivity while also offering the electrode anti-fouling and anti-interference capabilities. To enhance the electrochemical performance of SPCE, simple electrochemical polarization including anodic oxidation and cathodic reduction is applied to pretreat SPCE. The electrochemically polarized SPCE (p-SPCE) exhibits an enhanced electrochemical peak signal toward CLZ compared with bare SPCE. An electrochemically assisted self-assembly method (EASA) is utilized to conveniently electrodeposit a vertically ordered mesoporous silica nanomembrane film (VMSF) on the p-SPCE, which could further enrich CLZ through electrostatic interactions. Owing to the dual signal amplification based on the p-SPCE and VMSF nanochannels, the developed VMSF/SPCE sensor enables determination of CLZ in the range from 50 nM to 20 μM with a low limit of detection (LOD) of 28 nM (S/N = 3). Combined with the excellent anti-fouling and anti-interference abilities of VMSF, direct and sensitive determination of CLZ in human blood is also achieved.

Details

Language :
English
ISSN :
27092739 and 14203049
Volume :
27
Issue :
9
Database :
Directory of Open Access Journals
Journal :
Molecules
Publication Type :
Academic Journal
Accession number :
edsdoj.8b6a68644a544e7b81ee95fb9babf3c
Document Type :
article
Full Text :
https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27092739