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Diffraction-Based Residual Stress Characterization in Laser Additive Manufacturing of Metals

Authors :
Jakob Schröder
Alexander Evans
Tatiana Mishurova
Alexander Ulbricht
Maximilian Sprengel
Itziar Serrano-Munoz
Tobias Fritsch
Arne Kromm
Thomas Kannengießer
Giovanni Bruno
Source :
Metals, Vol 11, Iss 11, p 1830 (2021)
Publication Year :
2021
Publisher :
MDPI AG, 2021.

Abstract

Laser-based additive manufacturing methods allow the production of complex metal structures within a single manufacturing step. However, the localized heat input and the layer-wise manufacturing manner give rise to large thermal gradients. Therefore, large internal stress (IS) during the process (and consequently residual stress (RS) at the end of production) is generated within the parts. This IS or RS can either lead to distortion or cracking during fabrication or in-service part failure, respectively. With this in view, the knowledge on the magnitude and spatial distribution of RS is important to develop strategies for its mitigation. Specifically, diffraction-based methods allow the spatial resolved determination of RS in a non-destructive fashion. In this review, common diffraction-based methods to determine RS in laser-based additive manufactured parts are presented. In fact, the unique microstructures and textures associated to laser-based additive manufacturing processes pose metrological challenges. Based on the literature review, it is recommended to (a) use mechanically relaxed samples measured in several orientations as appropriate strain-free lattice spacing, instead of powder, (b) consider that an appropriate grain-interaction model to calculate diffraction-elastic constants is both material- and texture-dependent and may differ from the conventionally manufactured variant. Further metrological challenges are critically reviewed and future demands in this research field are discussed.

Details

Language :
English
ISSN :
20754701
Volume :
11
Issue :
11
Database :
Directory of Open Access Journals
Journal :
Metals
Publication Type :
Academic Journal
Accession number :
edsdoj.92283c325c994a6abcd29e5c0511a974
Document Type :
article
Full Text :
https://doi.org/10.3390/met11111830