GNSS Spoofing Detection Based on Unsynchronized Double-Antenna Measurements

Global navigation satellite systems are now threatened by spoofing attacks. The double-antenna countermeasure is one of the most robust spoofing detection techniques. However, the existing doubleantenna countermeasure is based on the assumption that the measurements are synchronized, which may result in failure if the assumption is not valid. In the paper, we propose an unsynchronized model for the pseudorange and carrier phase measurements and discuss why these measurements are not suitable for spoofing detection when the measurements are not synchronized. In addition, a new detection method based on double-antenna power measurements is proposed. This method can be used in the unsynchronized case, extending the application of the double-antenna-based spoofing countermeasure.