Exploring the multifunctional landscapes model in areas dominated by non-native tree plantations

Multifunctional landscapes offer an integrated approach to production, conservation, and human well-being. However, the challenges of implementing them in territories where plantations dominate are yet not well understood. This is the case in Chile, where plantations of non-native pines and eucalypts are extensively planted in its South-Central regions for timber and pulp. The resulting landscape homogenization, environmental degradation, and increased wildfire risk have caused and exacerbated conflicts, impacting biodiversity and the well-being of local communities and the Indigenous Mapuche Peoples.After the mega-wildfires in the region in 2023, science-policy discourse promoted the multifunctional landscapes model as a way to increase resilience. But what does this multifunctionality mean in challenging social-ecological contexts? Here, we aim to explore and deconstruct the multifunctional landscapes model in the context of the complex social-ecological systems of South-Central Chile. In this study, a review of the literature and semi-structured interviews with regional experts were used to better understand the challenges and opportunities presented by multifunctional landscapes.The results show a need to deepen the knowledge of how to move the model into practice, such as how to identify and decide compatible activities in the landscape. The thematic analysis of the interviews showed that restoration and water security are shared goals across the diverse actors in South-Central Chile. However, there were significant differences in knowledge, experiences and resources. While a number of landscape initiatives exist in the region, significant work is needed to build a common vision before the potential of multifunctional landscapes can be realized.