Utilization of cytogenetic biomarkers as a tool for assessment of radiation injury and evaluation of radiomodulatory effects of various medicinal plants – a review

Ravindra M Samarth,1,2 Meenakshi Samarth,3 Yoshihisa Matsumoto4 1Department of Research, Bhopal Memorial Hospital and Research Centre (ICMR), Bhopal, India; 2National Institute for Research in Environmental Health (NIREH), Indian Council of Medical Research, Bhopal, India; 3Department of Zoology, Centre for Advanced Studies, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, India; 4Research Laboratory for Nuclear Reactors, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan Abstract: Systematic biological measurement of “cytogenetic endpoints” has helped phenomenally in assessment of risks associated with radiation exposure. There has been a surge in recent times for the usage of radioactive materials in health care, agriculture, industrial, and nuclear power sectors. The likelihood of radiation exposure from accidental or occupational means is always higher in an overburdened ecosystem that is continuously challenged to meet the population demands. Risks associated with radiation exposure in this era of modern industrial growth are minimal as international regulations for maintaining the safety standards are stringent and strictly adhered to, however, a recent disaster like “Fukushima” impels us to think beyond. The major objective of radiobiology is the development of an orally effective radio-modifier that provides protection from radiation exposure. Once available for mass usage, these compounds will not only be useful for providing selective protection against accidental and occupational radiation exposure but also help to permit use of higher doses of radiation during treatment of various malignancies curtailing unwarranted adverse effects imposed on normal tissues. Bio-active compounds isolated from natural sources enriched with antioxidants possess unique immune-modulating properties, thus providing a double edged benefit over synthetic radioprotectors. We aim to provide here a comprehensive overview of the various agents originating from plant sources that portrayed promising radioprotection in various experimental models with special emphasis on studies that used cytogenetic biomarkers. The agents will include crude extracts of various medicinal plants, purified fractions, and herbal preparations. Keywords: cytogenetic biomarkers, medicinal plants, radioprotectors, radiation exposure