Influence of outdoor education learning models and mental toughness on cardiorespiratory fitness levels

This study aimed to determine the influence of the outdoor education learning models and mental toughness on cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) levels. A quasi-experimental method was used, employing a 2x2 factorial design. The 2x2 factorial design in this study involved two learning models: the TGT (Team Games Tournament) and STAD (Student Teams Achievement Division), along with two levels of mental toughness: high and low. The sample consisted of 80 students from Jakarta State University, enrolled in recreational sports courses. The subjects in this study were given the TGT and STAD learning models over a period of 9 weeks. The tests administered during the pretest measured cardiorespiratory fitness using the Bleep Test and mental toughness using a questionnaire. The results showed that both the TGT and STAD outdoor education models have a statistically significant impact on students' CRF levels (p