The threat of Nipah virus : epidemiology, pathogenesis, and emerging therapies

Background. The Nipah virus (NiV) is an emerging zoonotic pathogen with a high fatality rate, posing significant global health risks due to its potential for widespread outbreaks. Originally identified in Malaysia in 1998, NiV has since caused multiple outbreaks in South and Southeast Asia, primarily transmitted through contact with infected bats or pigs and human-to-human transmission. Main Body. This literature review provides a comprehensive examination of NiV, focusing on its epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical manifestations. The review discusses the challenges in early diagnosis, highlighting current diagnostic methods and recent advancements in rapid detection technologies. Therapeutic options remain limited, with supportive care being the primary management strategy; however, promising experimental treatments and ongoing clinical trials are explored. Vaccine development efforts are critically analyzed, underscoring the hurdles and potential candidates showing efficacy in preclinical studies. Public health preparedness and response strategies are evaluated, emphasizing the importance of international collaboration and lessons learned from previous outbreaks. Ethical and social considerations surrounding NiV outbreaks, including the impact on affected communities and communication strategies, are also addressed. Conclusion. Given the high mortality rate and pandemic potential of NiV, continued research and investment in diagnostic, therapeutic, and preventive measures are crucial. This review highlights the urgent need for global health systems to enhance