Deep learning-based pathological prediction of lymph node metastasis for patient with renal cell carcinoma from primary whole slide images

Abstract Background Metastasis renal cell carcinoma (RCC) patients have extremely high mortality rate. A predictive model for RCC micrometastasis based on pathomics could be beneficial for clinicians to make treatment decisions. Methods A total of 895 formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded whole slide images (WSIs) derived from three cohorts, including Shanghai General Hospital (SGH), Clinical Proteomic Tumor Analysis Consortium (CPTAC) and Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) cohorts, and another 588 frozen section WSIs from TCGA dataset were involved in the study. The deep learning-based strategy for predicting lymphatic metastasis was developed based on WSIs through clustering-constrained-attention multiple-instance learning method and verified among the three cohorts. The performance of the model was further verified in frozen-pathological sections. In addition, the model was also tested the prognosis prediction of patients with RCC in multi-source patient cohorts. Results The AUC of the lymphatic metastasis prediction performance was 0.836, 0.865 and 0.812 in TCGA, SGH and CPTAC cohorts, respectively. The performance on frozen section WSIs was with the AUC of 0.801. Patients with high deep learning-based prediction of lymph node metastasis values showed worse prognosis. Conclusions In this study, we developed and verified a deep learning-based strategy for predicting lymphatic metastasis from primary RCC WSIs, which could be applied in frozen-pathological sections and act as a prognostic factor for RCC to distinguished patients with worse survival outcomes.