Overlap syndrome of autoimmune hepatitis and primary biliary cholangitis complicated with atypical hepatocellular carcinoma: a case report

Abstract Background Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a primary tumor of the liver. The majority of HCCs are associated most frequently with chronic B or C viral hepatitis, alcohol intake or aflatoxin exposure. Cirrhosis is a strong risk factor associated with HCC. The causes of liver cirrhosis are chronic viral hepatitis, alcohol intake, metabolic diseases (NAFLD), hemocromathosis, alfa 1 antitrypsisn deficiency. All aetiologic forms of cirrhosis are at risk to be complicated by HCC development, but the risk is higher for patients diagnosed with chronic viral hepatitis. Comparing to the above-mentioned causes, PBC and AIH are less associated with the risk of HCC development. Case summary A 71-year old Caucasian female previously diagnosed with overlap syndrome (AIH type 1 and PBC—ANA, SMA and AMA antibodies positive), liver cirrhosis, a nodule in the VI/VIIth hepatic segment, systemic sclerosis sine scleroderma, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, antiphospholipid syndrome, gastric antral vascular ectasia (GAVE) (with 2 previous sessions of argon plasma coagulation), cholecystectomy, arterial hypertension and nephro-angiosclerosis presented to the 2nd Department of Internal Medicine in Cluj-Napoca for a follow-up. The patient was following treatment with UDCA (Ursodeoxycholic acid), azathioprine, Plaquenil, calcium channel blockers, angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, calcium and vitamin D supplementation. The abdominal ultrasound showed a subcapsular hypoechoic nodule with a diameter of 29 mm (at the moment of the diagnosis the diameter was 9/10 mm) in the VI/VIIth hepatic segment. The contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) characterised the nodule as specific for hepatocellular carcinoma (LI-RADS 5). On MRI with gadoxetate disodium the nodule was hypovascular, non-specific, being classified as LI-RADS 3. An atypical resection of the VIIth hepatic segment was performed and the histohistological examination and imunohistochemistry (Hep Par-a positive, Glypican3 positive, CD34 positive) revealed a moderately differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma (G2), pT2 N0 M0 L0 V1 R0. Conclusion Autoimmune hepatitis, PBC and the overlap syndrome are less associated with the development of liver cirrhosis and HCC than other chronic liver diseases, especially if other risk factors are not associated. This case highlights the importance of a proper surveillance of cirrhotic patients every 6 months including abdominal ultrasound and AFP levels is crucial for an early diagnosis of a HCC.