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A Comprehensive Review of Autophagy and Its Various Roles in Infectious, Non-Infectious, and Lifestyle Diseases: Current Knowledge and Prospects for Disease Prevention, Novel Drug Design, and Therapy

Authors :
Rekha Khandia
Maryam Dadar
Ashok Munjal
Kuldeep Dhama
Kumaragurubaran Karthik
Ruchi Tiwari
Mohd. Iqbal Yatoo
Hafiz M.N. Iqbal
Karam Pal Singh
Sunil K. Joshi
Wanpen Chaicumpa
Source :
Cells, Vol 8, Iss 7, p 674 (2019)
Publication Year :
2019
Publisher :
MDPI AG, 2019.

Abstract

Autophagy (self-eating) is a conserved cellular degradation process that plays important roles in maintaining homeostasis and preventing nutritional, metabolic, and infection-mediated stresses. Autophagy dysfunction can have various pathological consequences, including tumor progression, pathogen hyper-virulence, and neurodegeneration. This review describes the mechanisms of autophagy and its associations with other cell death mechanisms, including apoptosis, necrosis, necroptosis, and autosis. Autophagy has both positive and negative roles in infection, cancer, neural development, metabolism, cardiovascular health, immunity, and iron homeostasis. Genetic defects in autophagy can have pathological consequences, such as static childhood encephalopathy with neurodegeneration in adulthood, Crohn’s disease, hereditary spastic paraparesis, Danon disease, X-linked myopathy with excessive autophagy, and sporadic inclusion body myositis. Further studies on the process of autophagy in different microbial infections could help to design and develop novel therapeutic strategies against important pathogenic microbes. This review on the progress and prospects of autophagy research describes various activators and suppressors, which could be used to design novel intervention strategies against numerous diseases and develop therapeutic drugs to protect human and animal health.

Details

Language :
English
ISSN :
20734409
Volume :
8
Issue :
7
Database :
Directory of Open Access Journals
Journal :
Cells
Publication Type :
Academic Journal
Accession number :
edsdoj.fbffa5d00ee7488dab2a0c1d34723707
Document Type :
article
Full Text :
https://doi.org/10.3390/cells8070674