An Introduction to Actuarial Mathematics

to Actuarial Mathematics by A. K. Gupta Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio, U. S. A. and T. Varga National Pension Insurance Fund. Budapest, Hungary SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B. V. A C. I. P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN 978-90-481-5949-9 ISBN 978-94-017-0711-4 (eBook) DOI 10. 1007/978-94-017-0711-4 Printed on acid-free paper All Rights Reserved © 2002 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 2002 No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner. To Alka, Mita, and Nisha AKG To Terezia and Julianna TV TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE.......................................................................................... ix CHAPTER 1. FINANCIAL MATHEMATICS.................................. 1 1. 1. Compound Interest........................................................ 1 1. 2. Present Value................................................................... 31 1. 3. Annuities........................................................................... 48 CHAPTER 2. MORTALITy.............................................................. 80 2. 1Survival Time.................................................................... 80 2. 2. Actuarial Functions of Mortality................................... 84 2. 3. Mortality Tables............................................................... 98 CHAPTER 3. LIFE INSURANCES AND ANNUITIES..................... 112 3. 1. Stochastic Cash Flows..................................................... 112 3. 2. Pure Endowments........................................................... 130 3. 3. Life Insurances................................................................. 133 3. 4. Endowments.................................................................... 147 3. 5. Life Annuities................................................................... 154 CHAPTER 4. PREMIUMS................................................................ 194 4. 1. Net Premiums.................................................................. 194 4. 2. Gross Premiums.............................................................. 215 Vll CHAPTER 5. RESERVES................................................................. 223 5. 1. Net Premium Reserves.................................................. 223 5. 2. Mortality Profit................................................................ 272 5. 3. Modified Reserves...............