High-affinity myo-inositol transport in Candida albicans: substrate specificity and pharmacology

Inositol is considered a growth factor in yeast cells and it plays an important role in Candida as an essential precursor for phospholipomannan, a glycophosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored glycolipid on the cell surface of Candida which is involved in the pathogenicity of this opportunistic fungus and which binds to and stimulates human macrophages. In addition, inositol plays an essential role in the phosphatidylinositol signal transduction pathway, which controls many cell cycle events. Here, high-affinity myo-inositol uptake in Candida albicans has been characterized, with an apparent [K.sub.m] value of 240 [+ or -] 15 [mu]M, which appears to be active and energy-dependent as revealed by inhibition with azide and protonophores (FCCP, dinitrophenol). Candida myo-inositol transport was sodium-independent but proton-coupled with an apparent [K.sub.m] value of 11.04 [+ or -] 1.1 nM for [H.sup.+], equal pH 7.96 [+ or -] 0.05, suggesting that the C. albicans myo-inositoI-[H.sup.+] transporter is fully activated at physiological pH. C. albicans inositol transport was not affected by cytochalasin B, phloretin or phlorizin, an inhibitor of mammalian sodium-dependent inositol transport. Furthermore, myo-inositol transport showed high substrate specificity for inositol and was not significantly affected by hexose or pentose sugars as competitors, despite their structural similarity. Transport kinetics in the presence of eight different inositol isomers as competitors revealed that proton bonds between the C-2, C-3 and C-4 hydroxyl groups of myo-inositol and the transporter protein play a critical role for substrate recognition and binding. It is concluded that C. albicans myo-inositoI-[H.sup.+] transport differs kinetically and pharmacologically from the human sodium-dependent myo-inositol transport system and constitutes an attractive target for delivery of cytotoxic inositol analogues in this pathogenic fungus.