Amphiphilic ruthenium sensitizer with 4,4-diphosphonic acid-2,2'-bipyridine as anchoring ligand for nanocrystalline dye sensitized solar cells

A new amphiphilic polypyridyl ruthenium sensitizer with two phosphonic acid anchoring groups was synthesized and used for dye-sensitized solar cells with a total power conversion efficiency of greater than or equal to 8.0 percent under simulated air mass 1.5 sunlight. The new synthesizer had excellent light soaking stabilities at moderate temperature stress in the presence of both 3-methyloxypropionitrile based and solvent-free ionic liquid electrolytes.