Harmonics generated from a dc biased transformer

The paper presents harmonic characteristics of transformer excitation currents under DC bias caused by geomagnetically induced currents (GIC). A newly developed saturation model of a single phase shell form transformer based on 3D finite element analysis is used to calculate the excitation currents. As a consequence, the complete variations of excitation current harmonics with respect to an extended range of GIC bias are revealed. The results of this study are useful in understanding transformers as harmonic sources and the impact on power systems during a solar magnetic disturbance.