Orientational control of the physiological reaction of cytochrome c oxidase tethered to a gold electrode

The functionality of a lipid-reconstituted recombinant cytochrome c oxidase (CcO) monolayer that is specifically bound through histidine tags (His-tags) to a nickel chelating nitrilotriacetic acid (Ni-NTA)-modified gold electrode is described. The method has shown that the orientation of the membrane protein can be controlled depending on the position of the affinity tag.