Atomic structure and bonding of water overlayers on Cu(110): The borderline for intact and dissociative adsorption

Conclusive evidence is provided for the existence of an intact bilayer on Cu(110) consisting of mainly of H-down bilayer at a temperature less than 160 K. This result show that considering density functional theory energy alone is dangerous in determining water structures in experiment and much attention has to be paid to the comparisons of different factors, such as work function change, kinetic barriers and spectroscopic characters.