Modeling of nonlinear responses for reciprocal transducers involving polarization switching

A dynamical mathematical model, based on the phase-transition theory is used to observe and study the nonlinearities and hysteresis effects in reciprocal lead-zirconate-titanates (PZT) transducers involving polarization switches. The results show that the nonlinearities in such transducers become very important under high-voltage and off-resonance conditions but do not play a vital role, when subjected to high frequencies under high-input voltages.