Three-way interactions between plant pathogenic fungi, herbivorous insects and their host plants

A tripartite interaction among plant pathogenic fungi, herbivorous insects and their host plants has both direct and indirect effects on each of the participants. Effects on the host-plant are grouped into four categories, namely, synergistic, additive, equivalent and inhibitory. Pathogenic fungal infection can decrease host-plant quantity, reduce growth, competitive ability and reproduction and increase mortality.