Novel inner membrane retention signals in Pseudomonas aeruginosa lipoproteins

The ultimate membrane localization and function of most of the 185 predicted Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 lipoproteins remain unknown. We constructed a fluorescent lipoprotein, [CSFp.sup.OmlA]-ChFP, by fusing the signal peptide and the first four amino acids of the P. aeruginosa outer membrane lipoprotein OmlA to the monomeric red fluorescent protein mCherry (ChFP). When cells were plasmolyzed with 0.5 M NaCl, the inner membrane separated from the outer membrane and formed plasmolysis bays. This permits the direct observation of fluorescence in either the outer or inner membrane. [CSFP.sup.OmlA]-ChFP was shown to localize in the outer membrane by fluorescence microscopy and immunoblotting analysis of inner and outer membrane fractions. The site-directed substitution of the amino acids at positions +2, +3, and +4 in [CSFP.sup.OmlA]-ChFP was performed to test the effects on lipoprotein localization of a series of amino acid sequences selected from a panel of predicted lipoproteins. We confirmed [Asp.sup.+2] and [Lys.sup.+3] [Ser.sup.+4] function as inner membrane retention signals and identified four novel inner membrane retention signals: [CK.sup.+2] [V.sup.+3] [E.sup.+4], [CG.sup.+2] [G.sup.+3] [G.sup.+4], [CG.sup.+2] [D.sup.+3] [D.sup.+4], and [CQ.sup.+2] [G.sup.+3] [S.sup.+4]. These inner membrane retention signals are found in 5% of the 185 predicted P. aeruginosa lipoproteins. Full-length chimeras of predicted lipoproteins PA4370 and PA3262 fused to mCherry were shown to reside in the inner membrane and showed a nonuniform or patchy distribution in the membrane. The optical sectioning of cells producing [PA4370.sup.CGDD-ChFP] and [PA3262.sup.CDSQ]-ChFP by confocal microscopy improved the resolution and indicated a helix-like localization pattern in the inner membrane. The method described here permits the in situ visualization of lipoprotein localization and should work equally well for other membrane-associated proteins.