Altered circadian rhythms regulate growth vigour in hybrids and allopolyploids

Segregating hybrids and stable allopolyploids display morphological vigour (1-3), and Arabidopsis allotetraploids are larger than the parents Arabidopsis thaliana and Arabidopsis arenosa (1,4)-the mechanisms for this are unknown. Circadian clocks mediate metabolic pathways and increase fitness in animals and plants(5-8). Here we report that epigenetic modifications of the circadian clock genes CIRCADIAN CLOCK ASSOCIATED 1 (CCAI) and LATE ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL (LHY)(9-11) and their reciprocal regulators TIMING OF CAB EXPRESSION 1 (TOCI) and GIGANTEA (GI) (10,12,13) mediate expression changes in downstream genes and pathways. During the day, epigenetic repression of CCAI and LHY induced the expression of TOCI, GI and downstream genes containing evening elements(14) in chlorophyll and starch metabolic pathways in allotetraploids and [F.sub.1] hybrids, which produced more chlorophyll and starch than the parents in the same environment. Mutations in ccal and ccal shy and the daily repression of ccal by RNA interference (RNAi) in TOC1::cca1(RNAi) transgenic plants increased the expression of downstream genes and increased chlorophyll and starch content, whereas constitutively expressing CCAI or ectopically expressing TOC1::CCA1 had the opposite effect. The causal effects of CCA1 on output traits suggest that hybrids and allopolyploids gain advantages from the control of circadian-mediated physiological and metabolic pathways, leading to growth vigour and increased biomass.
Polyploidy (whole genome duplication) is an evolutionary innovation in many plants and some animals. Several important crops such as wheat, cotton and canola are of allopolyploidy that contains two or [...]