CuO nanoparticles catalyzed C-N, C-O, and C-S cross-coupling reactions: scope and mechanism

CuO nanoparticles are studied for C-N, C-O, and C-S bond formations via cross-coupling reactions of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur nucleophiles with aryl halides. Amides, amines, imidazoles, phenols, alcohols and thiols have undergone reactions with aryl iodides in the presence of a base such as KOH, [Cs.sub.2]C[O.sub.3] and [K.sub.2]C[O.sub.3] at moderate temperature.