Loss of [M.sub.2] muscarinic receptor function inhibits development of hypoxic bradycardia and alters cardiac [beta]-adrenergic sensitivity in larval zebrafish (Danio rerio)

Fish exposed to hypoxia develop decreased heart rate, or bradycardia, the physiological significance of which remains unknown. The general muscarinic receptor antagonist atropine abolishes the development of this hypoxic bradycardia, suggesting the involvement of muscarinic receptors. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the hypoxic bradycardia is mediated specifically by stimulation of the M2 muscarinic receptor, the most abundant subtype in the vertebrate heart. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) were reared at two levels of hypoxia (30 and 40 Torr P[O.sub.2]) from the point of fertilization. In hypoxic fish, the heart rate was significantly lower than in normoxic controls from 2 to 10 days posffertilization (dpf). At the more severe level of hypoxia (30 Torr P[O.sub.2]), there were significant increases in the relative mRNA expression of M2 and the cardiac type [beta]-adrenergic receptors ([beta]1AR, [beta]2aAR, and [beta]2bAR) at 4 dpf. The hypoxic bradycardia was abolished (at 40 Tort P[O.sub.2]) or significantly attenuated (at 30 Torr P[O.sub.2]) in larvae experiencing M2 receptor knockdown (using morpholino antisense oligonucleotides). Sham-injected larvae exhibited typical hypoxic bradycardia in both hypoxic regimens. The expression of [beta]1AR, [beta]2aAR, [beta]2bAR, and [M.sub.2] mRNA was altered at various stages between 1 and 4 dpf in larvae experiencing [M.sub.2] receptor knockdown. Interestingly, [M.sub.2] receptor knockdown revealed a cardioinhibitory role for the [beta].sub.2]-adrenergic receptor. This is the first study to demonstrate a specific role of the [M.sub.2] muscarinic receptor in the initiation of hypoxic bradycardia in fish. heart rate; cardiovascular function; morpholino; knockdown