Twice migration of Japanese immigrants to Hawai'i: processes, motives and continuity of domestic and inter national migrations

Recent studies on migration tend to emphasize its 'transnationality' and 'internationality' due to the increasing number1 of international migrants and their1 communities along with the acceleration of globalization. However, irrespective of whether migration takes place in a domestic or international sphere, migration itself causes economic, physical, and mental stress to those who move from one place to another. In this paper, by focusing on migration patterns of Japanese who finally found their way to Kona, the Big Island of Hawai'i, after having experienced both international and domestic migrations, I intend to examine and compare the backgrounds, mechanisms, and processes of these migrations, By incorporating the domestic migration into the discussion of migration studies, I also aim to critically examine the premise that recent migration studies tend to highlight--'settlement' after first migration--and suggest the importance of examination of further migrations
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