The effect of chromosome 9p21 variants on cardiovascular disease may be modified by dietary intake: evidence from a case/control and a prospective study

Introduction Cardiovascular disease (CVD), including myocardial infarction (MI), is one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide [1]. The etiology of the disease is well characterized and includes [...]
Background: One of the most robust genetic associations for cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the Chromosome 9p21 region. However, the interaction of this locus with environmental factors has not been extensively explored. We investigated the association of 9p21 with myocardial infarction (MI) in individuals of different ethnicities, and tested for an interaction with environmental factors. Methods and Findings: We genotyped four 9p21 SNPs in 8,114 individuals from the global INTERHEART study. All four variants were associated with MI, with odds ratios (ORs) of 1.18 to 1.20 (1.85 x [10.sup.-8] [less than or equal to] p [less than or equal to] 5.21 x [10.sup.-7]). A significant interaction (p = 4.0 x [10.sup.-4]) was observed between rs2383206 and a factor-analysis-derived "prudent" diet pattern score, for which a major component was raw vegetables. An effect of 9p21 on MI was observed in the group with a low prudent diet score (OR = 1.32, p = 6.82 x [10.sup.-7]), but the effect was diminished in a step-wise fashion in the medium (OR = 1.17, p = 4.9 x [10.sup.-3]) and high prudent diet scoring groups (OR = 1.02, p = 0.68) (p = 0.014 for difference). We also analyzed data from 19,129 individuals (including 1,014 incident cases of CVD) from the prospective FINRISK study, which used a closely related dietary variable. In this analysis, the 9p21 risk allele demonstrated a larger effect on CVD risk in the groups with diets low or average for fresh vegetables, fruits, and berries (hazard ratio [HR]=1.22, p = 3.0 x [10.sup.-4], and HR=1.35, p = 4.1 x [10.sup.-3], respectively) compared to the group with high consumption of these foods (HR = 0.96, p = 0.73) (p = 0.0011 for difference). The combination of the least prudent diet and two copies of the risk allele was associated with a 2-fold increase in risk for MI (OR = 1.98, p = 2.11 x [10.sup.-9]) in the INTERHEART study and a 1.66-fold increase in risk for CVD in the FINRISK study (HR=1.66, p = 0.0026). Conclusions: The risk of MI and CVD conferred by Chromosome 9p21 SNPs appears to be modified by a prudent diet high in raw vegetables and fruits.