Do high-stakes tests improve learning? Test-based incentives, which reward or sanction schools, teachers, and students based on students' test scores, have dominated US. Education policy for decades. But a recent study suggests that they should be used with caution and carefully evaluated

The United States has long performed at a middling level on international assessments of students' math, reading, and science knowledge, trailing many other high-income countries. In their efforts to improve [...]