ALK Rearrangement in a Large Series of Consecutive Non-Small Cell Lung Cancers: Comparison Between a New Immunohistochemical Approach and Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization for the Screening of Patients Eligible for Crizotinib Treatment

Lung cancer is the most frequent cause of cancer-related death worldwide, despite improvements in detection methods and treatments. (1,2) Although cytotoxic chemotherapy remains the mainstay of treatment for most patients [...]
Context.--Echinoderm microtubule associated protein-like 4-anaplastic lymphoma receptor tyrosine kinase (EML4-ALK) translocation has been described in a subset of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and has been shown to have oncogenic activity. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is used to detect ALK-positive NSCLC, but it is expensive, time-consuming, and difficult for routine application. Objective.--To evaluate the potential role of immuno-histochemistry (IHC) as a screening tool to identify candidate cases for FISH analysis and for ALK inhibitor therapy in NSCLC. Design.--We performed FISH and IHC for ALK and mutational analysis for epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and KRAS in 523 NSCLC specimens. We conducted IHC analysis with the monoclonal antibody D5F3 (Ventana Medical Systems, Tucson, Arizona) and a highly sensitive detection system. We also performed a MassARRAY-based analysis (Sequenom, San Diego, California) in a small subset of 11 samples to detect EML4-ALK rearrangement. Results.--Of the 523 NSCLC specimens, 20 (3.8%) were positive for ALK rearrangement by FISH analysis. EGFR and KRAS mutations were identified in 70 (13.4%) and 124 (23.7%) of the 523 tumor samples, respectively. ALK rearrangement and EGFR and KRAS mutations were mutually exclusive. Of 523 tumor samples analyzed, 18 (3.4%) were [ALK.sup.+] by IHC, 18 samples (3.4%) had concordant IHC and FISH results, and 2 [ALK.sup.+] cases (0.3%) by FISH failed to show ALK protein expression. In the 2 discrepant cases, we did not detect any mass peaks for the EML4-ALK variants by MassARRAY. Conclusions.--Our results show that IHC may be a useful technique for selecting NSCLC cases to undergo ALK FISH analysis. (Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2014; 138:1449-1458; doi: 10.5858/arpa.2013-0388-OA)