Soil aggregation and soil fraction associated carbon under different vegetation types in a complex landscape

Land cover change has been shown to affect soil characteristics and soil organic carbon (SOC) storage. However, little is known about the driving factors associated with soil carbon (C) stabilisation in complex landscapes. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of both inherent soil characteristics and recent vegetation cover change on soil aggregation and soil fraction associated C in a complex landscape. The specific objectives were: (1) determine bulk soil properties and SOC saturation deficit; (2) quantify soil aggregation, soil size-density fractions, and soil fraction associated C; and (3) identify the factors that influence soil fractions and soil fraction associated C in two adjacent catchments differing in vegetation cover, Central Otago, New Zealand. Catchment GH1 (n = 17 plots) was dominated by tussock grassland and native shrubs. Catchment GH2 (n = 21 plots) was converted from tussock grassland into a pine forest in 1981. The catchments differed in soil texture (e.g. sand content GH1: 62.9%, GH2: 50.7%, P = 0.007), soil SOC stocks (GH1: 5.0 kg C [m.sup.-2], GH2: 4.3 kg C [m.sup.-2], P = 0.04), mean weight diameter (MWD) (GH1: 782.3 [micro]m, GH2: 736.5 [micro]m, P = 0.002), and proportion of the macroaggregate heavy fraction (macro_HF) (GH1: 72%, GH2: 55%, P = 0.01). No significant differences were found in SOC saturation deficit (GH1: 14.8 mg [g.sup.-1], GH2: 13.1 mg [g.sup.-1], P = 0.13). Dominant vegetation cover explained 21% of the variation in MWD in GH1, whereas silt+clay C content explained 31.6% of the MWD variation in GH2. The macro_HF fraction was negatively correlated with the proportion of silt+clay. Our findings illustrate that physical and chemical soil characteristics are important drivers in such a complex landscape and may have masked the effect of recent vegetation change on soil aggregation, and soil fraction associated C. Additional keywords: land cover change, New Zealand, pine forest, shrub encroachment, size-density fractionation, soil aggregation, soil organic carbon saturation. Received 9 July 2018, accepted 1 February 2019, published online 7 March 2019
Introduction Soil is the largest terrestrial carbon (C) pool, storing four times more C than the biosphere and over three times more C than the atmosphere (Lai 2008; Stockmann et [...]