Microscale distribution of populations and activities of Nitrosospira and Nitrospira spp. along a macroscale gradient in a nitrifying bioreactor: quantification by in situ hybridization and the use of microsensors

Microsensors and in situ hybridization can be used to document microbial populations in various parts of a fixed-film treatment plant. At these plants, immobilized microorganisms are used to purify wastewater.