Glaciohydraulic supercooling in Iceland

We present evidence of glaciohydraulic supercooling under jokulhlaup and ablation-dominated conditions from two temperate Icelandic glaciers. Observations show that freezing of sediment-laden meltwater leads to intraglacial debris entrainment during normal and extreme hydrologic regimes. Intraglacial frazil ice propagation under normal ablation-dominated conditions can trap copious volumes of sediment, which forms anomalously thick sections of debris-rich ice. Glaciohydraulic supercooling plays an important role in intraglacial debris entrainment and should be given more attention in models of basal ice development. Extreme jokulhlaup conditions can result in significant intraglacial sediment accretion by supercooling, which may explain the concentration of englacial sediments deposited in Heinrich layers in the North Atlantic during the last glaciation. Keywords: jokulhlaups, glaciofluvial sedimentation, accretion, hydraulic fracturing, Iceland.