Results of the Calibration of the Delays of Earth Stations for TWSTFT Using the VSL Satellite Simulator Method

Two-Way Satellite Time and Frequency Transfer (TWSTFT) is the most accurate and precise method of comparing two remote clocks or time scales. The accuracy obtained is dependent on the accuracy of the determination of the non-reciprocal delays of the transmit and the receive paths. When the same transonders in the satellite at the same frequencies are used, ten the non-receiprocity in the earth stations is the limiting factor for absolute time transfer.
Presented at the Annual Precise Time and Time Interval Applications and Planning Meeting (27th) held in San Diego, CA on 29 November-1 December 1995. Published in the Proceedings of the Annual Procise Time and Time Interval Applications and Planning Meeting (27th), p359-372, 1995.